Emile Durkheim: Contributions to Sociology Essay

Emile Durkheim’s philosophies and ideas had emerged during a time that his country, had been going through a lot of instabilities. Scenarios of disequilibrium that even lead to a greater molding and shaping of such ethos. During his childhood, France was experiencing a social and political unrest. The after war with Germany and the defeat of 1870 were the major causation of such. A deep crisis it is, for such a young â€Å"sociologist to be†, which even tends towards a better establishment of his career. Politically, the rise of the Third Republic in 1875 indeed works out from conflicts between Republicans and Royalists. On the economic area, the rise of industrial capitalism made the some realization on the workers, influenced of course by the socialist theories and Marxism. Moreover, there was an immense growth of ‘secular’ spirit seeking to counter the Church’s hold on education. Also, development in the physical and natural sciences managed to develop, thus making other fields become more quantitative and less qualitative- which means less focus on theories on such (e. g. economics). The young Emile sensed that he had a role to play in the development of his country and chooses to be a teacher, contributing a progress through teaching. Truly the institutionalization of a science of education was inseparable from Durkheim’s formal definition of sociology, thus making the father of sociology be the first educational sociology (Filloux, 2001). The Condemnation As much as Marxism undergone travails and disrepute, Durkheimian philosophy also struggled towards appreciation within the realms of sociology. But then these tests of his’ soon earned its deference during the immediate post-World War II. Since, it ended up much influential in sociology than those of Marx’s or Weber’s. Conservatism and positivism are the two main grounds that his critics exceedingly reacted to. The accusation of conservatism took its force from Durkheim’s emphasis upon society as a moral unity. His concern with the social solidarity and the containment of damage to it were understood by his critics to mean that the application and development of his approach would necessarily serve the existing social order. This interpretation downplayed- in fact wholly neglected- the social criticism in Durkheim’s writings, together with his reputation in his own time as a socialist and a radical. The charge of positivism was more justifiable (Alexander, 1998). Suicide Balance between the individual and society consumes much of Durkheim’s concern in his later works. In arguing the social foundations of individualism, Durkheim recognized that a degree of individualism was natural to modern societies. He was not against individualism as such, but opposed its rampant, pathological forms. The issue therefore, was how to strike a balance between interdependence and individual freedom, on the one hand, subordination to the collective, on the other. Suicide varies according to their social ties, to their presence or absence, their strength and weakness. It is important to remember that it is differential rates between social groups that Durkheim sought to explain. Case in point, according to him, Protestants tends to commit suicide more than the Catholics and Jews do. If we meddle deeply into this context, though much of the written literatures on this argument were not elaborated, we can see that what do Protestants have to commit such kind of â€Å"irrational† acts? Maybe it is in the belief the Protestants are holding on. Or maybe it is because of the ‘closed-mindedness’ of their culture that drives the individual towards freedom from the bondage of tradition. And the condemnation they receive from such wrong doings intensifies the feeling of guilt and will end up to committing suicide. The egoistic and anomic-reflect social ties that are too weak; the altruistic and fatalistic types arise from connections that are too strong. These are the four proposed basic types of suicide from Durkheim. Egoistic suicide results from the social isolation of the individual. In this case, the person feels that sympathy from others does not exist. He is alone. By contrast, anomic suicide was occasioned by insufficient social regulation of the individual. Altruism and fatalism are at the other extreme. Altruism involves individuals seeing the pre-eminence of the group over them to the extent that the group’s needs seem greater than theirs. In fatalism, individuals are dominated by the group so intensely and oppressively that they are rendered entirely powerless over their fate (Douglas. 1967).

Philosophical concept Essay

The Coyote Ugly last 2000: Shy, aspiring songwriter Violet overcomes her stage fright, gets the man of her dreams and is offered a major recording contract after making drinks on top of a bar, clad basically in her skivvies. The movie Coyote Ugly inspire people about the striving of one person to fulfill her dream and overcoming all the hardship in life. The straggle of one person to overcome her fears with the help of people surrounding her in order to survive the big city. This movie symbolizes the growth of a person physically, emotionally, and socially. In this film the client will be immersed in a process of in-depth examination of the meaning and power of images. Images, in fact, are never neutral; their effect is that of conditioning the observer. It is vital, thus, to carry out an analysis of what an image actually is. Image based thinking will be considered both in relation to the creative process and to problem solving. The counseling will start with the philosophical concept of an idea as a mental representation. The symbolism of dreams should be evaluated in order to understand the close relationship between images and the unconscious. The psychoanalytical proposition that a film may be considered the film director’s dream will be closely scrutinized. The concept of Cinematherapy is rooted in the awareness that the film viewer is conditioned by his or her individual life experience, and this in turn makes the viewer’s perception highly unique. The viewer’s intimate interior world and life experiences condition perception of the film, and result in a highly subjective interpretation. This is due to the fact that the viewer assimilates only certain images and edits out others, all on the basis of unique individual experiences. The study of Cinematherapy will enable the viewer to understand the underlying causes of certain emotions experienced during a film, and will shed light on certain aspects of one’s own personality and on how others view the same situation. â€Å"Mining the gold† in movies means uncovering our hidden finest attributes by understanding how we project these virtues on film heroes and heroines. Identifying with a character can help us to develop inner strength as we recall forgotten inner resources and become aware of the right opportunity for those resources to be applied. Like dream work, cinema therapy allows us to gain awareness of our deeper layers of consciousness to help us move toward new perspectives or behavior as well as healing and integration of the total self. As observing helps us to â€Å"step back†, the bigger picture becomes more obvious. This way, watching screen movies helps us learn to understand ourselves and others more deeply in the â€Å"big movie† of our life. In identifying the presenting problems and goals for therapy the questions that are appropriate are by asking yourself, why would this client benefit from a cinematherapy intervention? What would this client get out of it? Can the intervention be tied back to the treatment plan? In assessing clients’ strengths such as interests, hobbies, activities, and type of employment the questions are What type of film would benefit this client: Standard movie, documentary, or instructional? What type of genre would they prefer: Comedy, drama, or science fiction? In determination of the clients’ ability to understand the content of the film and recognize similarities and differences between themselves and the characters the questions are Will the client understand how to use the film as metaphor for their own life? Do they have the mental capabilities to participate in processing the content? Do they recognize the difference between fantasy and reality? By taking into account issues of diversity when choosing a film the questions suitable is Will the film be offensive, or be distracting from the real purpose of the assignment? The therapist should always watch the movie before assigning it. This is so you can process the movie with the client, or know the significant parts to discuss later. Also, it saves time from apologizing for a scene that offended the client or his/her parents. Preparation is essential to cinematherapy. The therapist should provide clients with a rationale for assigning a film. REFERENCE Berg-Cross L. , Jennings, P. & Baruch, R . (1990). Cinematherapy: Theory and Application . In: Psychotherapy in Private Practice 8, no. 1, 135-157 Peske, Nancy and Beverly West (1999) Cinematherapy: The Girl’s Guide to Movies For Every Mood. New York: Dell Ulus, Fuat(2003) Movie Therapy, Moving Therapy! The Healing Power of Film Clips in Therapeutic Settings. New Bern: Trafford Publishing. Tyson, L. , Foster, L. , & Jones, C. (2000). The process of cinematherapy as a therapeutic intervention. Alabama Counseling Association Journal,26(1), 35-41

Academic Monitoring System using Android application Essay

ABSTRACT The portability, open source nature of smart phones and android OS for PC on android development platform has made the development of application software for various environments as handy. In this application are resulted in paper less work, easy to use and time saving in nature. The wireless communication technology of smart phone enables the information transfer from the current client to remote database server, where ever the network range is available. The Academic Monitoring System is a mobile computing software application, which focuses on an activity or function, which is based on management information system of academic institutions. Overall the system is acting as an effective tool, in assisting the smooth functions of the academic activities of an educational institution. The entire system development is proposed with Android development platform. Keywords: Academic Monitoring System, Mobile Computing, Android based Software Systems, Online Database Management System, We b Technology. 1. INTRODUCTION The nature of portability and handy use of smart phone led them in use of various applications where ever the personal computer is applied today. This project is about â€Å"Academic Activity Monitoring System (AAMS)† (every faculties posting attendance details can be easily traced out).The system will include the information about the attendance of the students credit system to keep a their performance record. This automation system is embedded into android application which runs in android OS for PC. In present system, every faculty posting attendance details can be easily traced out. The whole session is stored in the database and at the end of the semester or session report will be generated. The existing system is not user-friendly because the computer based attendance management and monitoring activities are handled with the help of manual and keying data to the database. The existing system functions with intranet and internet capability with off time data entry into th e database. The problem of real time data entry is proposed in this project work. The inter-related databases and tables provide a flexibility of none maintenance of specific records and avoids manual calculations. This monitoring system helps the management to handle their management activities with efficiency. More secured by means of information than traditional academic activity monitoring system. 2. HETEROGENEOUS COMPUING Mobile Computing & PC Computing Distributed Computing 3. EXISTING SYSTEM The faculty activities and functionalities are monitored in manual with the help of human. Collecting all attendance details of particular hour on real time is impossible task, when it is handled manual or semi computerized. Updating the database with the help of PC based computation is not a real time activity. Demerits: Lack of in-availability of information in real time. Time delay in data updating to the database. Consume large volume of paper work. Manual work 4. PROPOSED SYSTEM The entire system development is proposed with mobile computing concepts. The proposed system will easily handle all the data and the processes handled by this system is similar to the existing system with one variant as mobile computation instead of PC computation. The monitoring system proposed here is basically an integrated web project. The proposed project can be implemented using android. It allows the user to interact with the system in a graphical user friendly way. This system eliminates the drawbacks of the existing system and provides real time availability of information in the form of reports. Portability is one of the major key factors in this project. In this system fully online data server based application. Merits: Easily check whether for attendance post or not based on real time. The top level and middle management persons can monitor their management activities from their place and no need of manual or human physical monitoring. Per day attendance details are available to the management personals on his desktop. Time saving. It is user friendly. Details: 4.1. Modules: User Module – Administrator Attendance Posting Module – Faculty Update Database Module – Attendance Internet Connectivity Module – Android Client to Web Server based Online Database, PHP Scripts 4.2. Design & Development: User Module – Administrator Frontend: Android Design Backend: PHP Scripts Deployment in Web Server, Online Database Design Attendance Posting Module – Class Attendance Details with Time and Date (Theory & Laboratory) Update Database Module – Posting Attendance Details with Time and Date, Number of Students Present and Absent. Internet Connectivity Module – Android Client Connection with Campus WIFI, Retrieving the data to online database through webserver and PHP scripts 5. CONCLUSION This project will help the professor to post attendance or not time and calculations required to update the attendance manually. Administrator to identify for faculty activities in during class hour through web services. ` 6. FUTURE ENHANCEMENTS As soon as every faculty to posting attendance details such as class hall number, subject code, staff name, number of students present and absent details easily traced out. So easily monitoring every class details and staff activities through web server. 7. REFERENCES [1]www.android.developer.com [2]www.androidtutorial.com [3]www.w3schools.com [4]www.stackoverflow.com [5]www.mkyong.com [6]www.androidhive.info

U. S. Education Today & Tomorrow Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

U. S. Education Today & Tomorrow - Assignment Example ermore, the understanding of race and multicultural issues has grown rapidly due to globalization and therefore, a more advanced curriculum is needed to address all these issues. The increase in globalization affects employment which is the main aim of education. Consequently, schools will be forced to consider a changing market and skills demand in the curriculum in order to suit the required skills of competing on the international labor pool. Moreover, the schools will be forced to adjust in a way that they can address the issues of global conflicts and how to resolve them. The global differences in culture influences the policies of education systems. Consequently, it is more evident in the multicultural societies of advanced countries. In addition, increasing globalization continues to put pressure on how different cultures both locally and internationally should co-relate in the sense that they still share the same interest. Consequently, education will eventually change in a way that the local cultures are still preserved. To this end, education initially focused on the needs of building an individual to fit in the community. However, this has continued to change with the increase of globalization because education continues to be advanced in order to cater for the issues of global world. The use of digital tools in the classroom has increased tremendously in that it is continuing to influence the mode of the learning process. Evidently, the use of the digital tools is providing an enhanced, efficient, and varied way of passing educational information. Moreover, digital schools will enhance tutors access to each other’s work. In addition, those who are professionals in any field of work will easily collaborate with colleagues for the purpose of growth and development. The increase of technology will help inspire students. This is because most of them complain that what they currently learn in classroom does not apply directly to real life situations.

A Research of How health and safety affect employees productivity and Essay

A Research of How health and safety affect employees productivity and company profits in Koh Brothers Group - Essay Example Literature Review 4 2.1 Introduction to Literature Review 4 2.2 Importance of Health & Safety at Workplace 5 2.3 Health & Safety at Koh Brothers 6 3. Research Methodology 7 4. Conclusion 10 References 12 1. Introduction 1.1 Background of the Company Koh Brothers is a well established construction, property development and specialist engineering provider in Singapore. The company was started by Mr Koh Tiat Meng in the year 1966. They have various milestone projects under them such as flood alleviation, counting Rochor Canal and Kallang River to name a few. The group has wide-ranging construction services and 40 subsidiaries, joint ventures and associated companies which are spread over Singapore, China, Indonesia, Malaysia and Vietnam. Apart from construction, they have diversified business in building materials, real estate, leisure & hospitality. The company has received A1 grading by Building and Construction Authority (BCA) which enabled them to undertake various civil engineering projects and building projects over the years. Koh Brothers is currently the highest grade for contractor’s registration in this category. 1.2 Research title, Research Question, Research Objectives The report mainly focuses into the health and safety standards maintained by the company and how it can affect an employee’s productivity and company profits. ... Moreover, high number of accidents and employee sickness may result in company’s declining profit. Therefore, health and safety regulations should be improved and well implemented in order to increase company’s profits and employee’s morale in which lead to further productivity. This can increase company profits as it increase company’s reputations in the eyes of investors and stakeholders. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Introduction to Literature Review Our focus of study is to look into the health and safety standards maintained by Koh Brothers and how it has helped them to boost the employee performance and also boost the company profits. According to EANPC â€Å"Productivity is an expression of how efficiently and effectively goods and services (i.e. goods and services which are demanded by users) are being produced. Thus, its key characteristics are that it is expressed in physical or economic units - in quantities or values (money) - based on measurements which are made at different levels: on the level of the economy overall, that of a sector or branch of the economy, that of the enterprise and its individual plants/units and that of individuals† (EANPC, 2005). Being a construction company, Koh Brothers put a lot of stress on Human Resource. They believe that their people are behind the success of their company. Lot of health and safety measures are taken by them to ensure their protection and care. Their staff under-go through consistent upgrading course to make sure that they can develop their new-found skills, determine new efficiencies for their professional development, and achieve better satisfaction in their work. 2.2 Importance of Health & Safety at Workplace Research has shown that satisfied and happy employees

Characteristics of a homeless man Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Characteristics of a homeless man - Essay Example As he saw me, he shouted. Beggar: Oye, watch what you are doing man. You just twisted my leg and I have got it fractured for sure. Owoo†¦owooo.ooo. It hurts. You owe me several hundred dollars. I gotta go and get it fixed. Owooo†¦owoo. Oh my God, I thought! One moment ago, I adored the beauty of the Arch, and one moment later, I curse having visited it. Does the Arch make home to such people? I could never think of it. And this beggar, this liar, is indeed a big threat to my bank account. All of these thoughts suddenly flashed in my mind with instincts. I was dumb-founded. I talked to the beggar in reply. Me: I owe you nothing. Its your fault if you are sleeping in a common walkway, with your leg extended in the middle of the path. And I was too conscious to put complete weight over my foot as soon as I realized there was something underneath it. You lie. I did not fracture your leg. Indeed, you are perfectly alright. This is indeed, a new way of begging in the town, isn’t it? Me: Oh my God, you liar, you cheat. You have had your leg fractured ever since this report was made, and you intend to sue me for that? And then you show me the report as well. You know what? I pity you! Here†¦take

Economics - war, crime, and terror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics - war, crime, and terror - Essay Example It is evident that war and other terror attacks are known to cause economic and psychological effects of varying intensity. Nonetheless, these impacts come from the indirect costs of crimes that differ through sectors, countries and time (Schneider & Meierrieks 17). The most notable consequence associated with crimes is the human loss. Terror activities are known to cause civilian mortalities ranging from hostage takeover to the bombings (Schneider & Meierrieks 14). Although this does not seem like a direct economic impact; however, panic is known to influence the economy. It affects consumption, as well as investment behavior of persons that can lead to market disturbances. Therefore, the feeling of insecurity has several repercussions hence can disrupt the population’s spending behavior. Businesses are the major targets of any terror attack (Schneider & Meierrieks 28). As a result, this affect the way insurance operates since the risks of terrorism are difficult to quantify the prices. Many people have argued that the economic consequence of international crime remains a medium to a long term issue (Schneider & Meierrieks 44). Civilization is important in the sense of believing that we are all under God. We are not supposed to be too hard on ourselves instead we should embrace love to one another. In addition, our Lord Jesus Christ will always be there for us, and he is not the kind to choose violence at the expense of peace. As a result, some parties will withdraw the troops and others mention the aim of strengthening their military in order to have a stronger nation. War is likely to have a significant impact to the change of foreign policy. Some of the target sectors in the policy include security and military. It is imperative that these aspects have a considerable impact on the economy of the country that enforces the policy (Schneider & Meierrieks 42). As a

Renaissance and Reformation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Renaissance and Reformation - Essay Example Prior to this period, the pope was generally recognized as the spiritual leader by all Christians in the west, who adhered to the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church. However, following the reformation, there was a proliferation of churches opposed to the pope, and this gave rise to a number of churches that exists to date. On the other hand, renaissance means rebirth in the French language. The period marked a rebirth in the human spirit, creativity. It gave to the rise of new ideas, which had various impacts on the social structure of the French, and the Holy Roman Empire. The essence of this paper is to compare and contrast the impacts, on the social fabric of France and Holy Roman Empire. The Catholic Church was faced with a great schism between the years 1378-1417, which was given impetuous by a papal scandal that (Hunt et al, 2010, 405) negatively and severely impacted on the spiritual life. The papacy had been moved from Rome to Avignon, and was heavily influenced by the Fr ench monarchy. This brought distraught among the Christians, particularly the Italians, who were angered by the continued election of the French Popes. Marsilius of Padua, through his writings in the defender of peace (1324) argued that since the source of all power lay within the people, who were the effective source of law. Accordingly, since the people created the church, they ought to be involved in the election of the pope. Pope Gregory finally succumbed to the pressures and returned the papacy to Rome in 1377. The Romans were determined than ever to lose the papacy again, and therefore lobbied the election of an Italian pope. Consequently, Urban V was elected as the pope, and he curtailed the powers and privileges of cardinals. This angered the cardinals, some of whom elected Clement VII as the pope and who moved back to Avignon. Thus, the church was split into two, and this caused a lot of hate and discord among the Christians in Europe, with each group excommunicating the fo llowers of the other (Hunt et al, 2010, 410). The council of Europe met in 1414-1418 to resolve this standoff, and precipitate reforms in the church. This marked the end of schism, in that, one single pope; Martin V was elected, while all the important rulers in the world withdrew allegiance to the Avignon papacy. Therefore, the Holy Roman Empire prevailed over France. However, the Schism had a far reaching impact among the Christians, and affected the social fabric of both France and the Holy Roman Empire equally. The Christians were deeply worried about their salvation and they sought some other forms of religious solace. The plenary indulgence which was originally used for the crusaders who died, was extended to all those who made a pilgrimage to Rome or other designated holy places. The clergy and the laity became more interested in the religious education of the young in order to deepen their faith and the spiritual life. New ways to deepen the faith of the Christians came into being. Portable images of Mary, mother of God, and those of passion of Christ proliferated, so that the ordinary Christians would contemplate them, throughout the day, at the convenient moments. To add, the advent of the printing press was employed by the people who purchased commissioned book of hours that contained the prayers that could be said at the appropriate hours of the day and hours. France, unlike the Holy Roman Empire emerged as a strong and powerful unitary state, within the meaning of sovereignty that is applicable today. France made quick recovery from the hundred year’s war and greatly expanded under Louis XI. He captured a lot of territory,

I dont have topic on mind you can choose an easy one Research Paper - 1

I dont have topic on mind you can choose an easy one - Research Paper Example In essence, this paper explores the two major challenges faced by students in their research projects i.e. finding and using of quality research sources. Those who have written research papers prior to this reading have probably found difficulties in the process of searching and citing of sources, with some viewing the process as totally mechanical (McClure 51). However, this process of searching and citing of sources usually ends with a writer producing rhetorical work. In order for a student to get their readers to accept their writing, believe in it and be interested in it, it is vital to locate the appropriate sources of information and make use of them effectively. Types of Research Sources. It has become well conversant with almost every individual in the contemporary world that we breathe in an information age where information is tangible and has numerous capabilities with it including influencing of government strategies and the public’s opinions, destroying and creating of wealth, as well as effecting social change within the community. Students usually have a wide range of information emanating from varied sources (McClure 56). For a student to have a significant influence on their audience, it is essential that they know all the available research sources, how and where to find them as well as how to put them into quality use. Primary and Secondary Sources. A primary source of research can be defined as that which presents the learner with first hand learning and or information about a given subject. They provide the researcher with first hand evidence regarding a topic under study while at the same time offering the researcher with direct access to the events and or phenomena under study. A suitable example is where one is studying the history of the First World War. If the researcher decides to study the maps used by soldiers on battle fields and the letters they sent to their relatives back at home, then these are primary sources. Other

Reading reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading reflection - Essay Example According to McLean, ethics and morality is a key ingredient of not only article editing but also the acquisition of information for the same (182). These critical aspects serve to establish and maintain not only the reputation of an individual journalist but also his /her employer. Persuasion of these modalities establishes a strong sense of trust from the audience to the reporter. Newspaper articles readers are aspiring to reading news from credible sources; those made by individual journalists or stations that practice and or embrace workplace ethical codes of conduct. The justification of the conclusion so made draws from the rationale of establishing a strong ethical perspective in journalism work. It is beyond reasonable doubt that any story that is aired live or written as a newspaper article should exhibit high levels of accuracy in factual data; journalist should not merely write stories. Besides, precision is critical for any piece of report; it means directly pinpointing the issue under discussion. Journalists must also establish a balance between justifiable and unjustifiable stories before

Take home assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Take home - Assignment Example The population of both plants and animals evolved in accordance to the doctrines and dictations of natural selection. The first account on natural selection was steered by Charles Darwin, where he proposed that the continuation of a species is based on its flexibility in responding to the changes in stimuli. The crop plant has undergone this form of selection, since the crops selected for cultivation have been identified in accordance to the necessities of the human cultivators. Response to Question 2 Crop Top producer country (2010) Total worldwide production (2010) Wheat Russia 651 million tones Rice China 821 million tones Soyabeans Thailand 635 million tones Peanuts China 624million tones Corn USA 718 million tones Respond to Question 4 The disease burdens of humans after the Neolithic Revolution (the origins of agriculture) are considered by Spencer Wells to be trans-generational effects. The trans-generational effects including disease burdens he considered and discuss how thes e various burdens have changed over time since agriculture began. Response to Question 5 Human culture is centered on the possible models of sustenance that a population adopts to meet their daily survival. These models are frequently affected by the changes in the climate. Various adjustments are deployed upon the occurrence of adjustments in the climatic patterns reflect similar adjustment in the adopted models of sustenance. This eventuates in an adjustment in the cultural practices attributed to a given community. Response to Question 6 Spencer Wells identifies speech coherence as a chief contributory factor in the success of the Homo sapiens, as compared to the Neanderthals. His argument is based on the activities of the two stages of human development. The Neanderthals are described to have engaged on sustenance models that did not involve communal efforts. Hunting and gathering was among the central models identified. On the other hand, Response to 8 Plato’s Glaucon id entified morality as the compromise between the desire to commit injustice and the knowledge that one might be the recipient of such injustice. How well does Wells’ proposal for achieving consilience concerning the origins of agriculture, greed, materialism, the rise of family values and fundamentalism identify with hunting and gathering people’s mythos? Response to Question 8 1. Researchers have identified a compound in cilantro, a key component of Mexican and other dishes that kills harmful Salmonella bacteria. It shows promise as a safe, natural additive that could help prevent foodborne illnessA foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any illness resulting from the consumption of food. Although foodborne illness is commonly called food poisoning, this is often a misnomer. .....Click the link for more information.. Although previous studies by scientists showed that salsa has antibacterial antibacterial  /an ·ti ·bac ·te ·ri ·al/ (-bak-ter?e-al) de stroying or suppressing growth or reproduction of bacteria; also, an agent that does this. an ·ti ·bac ·te ·ri ·al adj.activity, this is the first time that the researchers isolated any of the antibacterial compounds from it. The compound--dodecenal--was isolated from the fresh leaves of cilantro, or coriandercoriander  (kor'ean`d?r), strong-smelling Old World annual herb (Coriandrum sativum) of the family Umbelliferae (parsley family), cultivated for its fruits. .....Click the l

Health Services Organization Essay Example for Free

Health Services Organization Essay Identify and evaluate at least three forces that have affected the development of the health care system in the U. S. The U.S. healthcare system has continually evolved due to the success of innovative fore-thought. These innovations have been both strategic and tactical, influenced by all segments of the health care industry. There are many key strategic and tactical innovations, I will elaborate on three forces I feel affect the development of the healthcare system in the U.S.; they are: Increasing cost of healthcare, affect of economics on the healthcare system, and labor force trends in the U.S. as it relate to healthcare. * The steadily increasing cost of healthcare in the U.S. 1. The Unites States is known as the land of plenty, but if you are a native of this great nation you might feel quite differently about that statement. Being poor here has to be much like being poor anywhere else in the world, poor is poor; what might be different is opportunity. The opportunity that we are going to discuss is that of the pursuit of receiving the best healthcare regardless of race, creed, national origi n, or station in life (being with or without money). The cost of health care in the U.S. neared 2.6 trillion dollars in 2010, this is a staggering amount of money; but what make it more astonishing is that this amount is ten times higher than the 1980’s sum of 256 billion dollars that was generated by health care system (population bulletin, 2008). The rate of funds generated by health care has slowed down in recent years, but still is expected to grow faster than the national income. Our country need to address this growing burden and not just let politician say it’s a major policy priority, really make it a priority for the overall good of our nation. Furthermore, the United States has been in a recession for most of the past decade, resulting in a high rate of unemployment and lower incomes for many Americans. These conditions have put even more attention on health spending due to its affordability. Since 2002, employer- sponsored health care coverage for employee and family premiums increased by 97%, making the pursuit of health care a burden on the workers and employers. Medicare covers disabled people as well as the elderly; while Medicaid provides medical coverage for low-income families. Medicare enrollment has grown tremendously over the years due to the aging baby boomers and Medicaid due to the recession. This has added considerably to government spending, straining both federal and state budgets. Health spending accounted for 17.9% of the nation’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2010 (kaiserEDU.com, Health Policy from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, Explained). * Economic affect healthcare. 2. Economics and health care is very simple to explain, especially by someone who has seen first-hand families being mentally tormented, because they could not afford dental care for their children, the check-up not covered by the company’s insurance to enable your child to be eligible to play football, or not being able to afford the prescription medication. There are many reasons families go without medical care, and far too many times it’s just because the individual is living just above the poverty line; which make them ineligible for assistance. I personally feel the affect economics have on healthcare or the lack there of, can never be explained any clearer; unless you are experiencing it yourself. * Labor force trends in the U.S. 3. In the 1960’s the U.S. labor force grow at the rate of 1.7 percent annually and continue to grow into the 70’s as the baby boomer (those born between 1946-1964 generation continued to reach adulthood and enter the workforce. During this same period women began to enter the workforce as never seen before causing the labor force to grow at a rate of 2.6 percent annually. One might not see this as a health issue, but with women joining the workforce men began to feel the pressure, causing health complication. Women on the other hand who at one time lived the life of a care free house wife, but now working in corporate America; has started to feel stress now heart attacks are the number one killer of the American female species. I know there was nothing glamorous about being a slave, but slaves lived with just about no illnesses or life threatening diseases, know blacks have the highest numbers when it comes to diabetes, HIV, and high blood pressure than any other ethnic group (but we are free), freedom should make us take life more serious and take care of ourselves as well as our children. During the 1980’s and 90’s fewer people entered the workforce, therefore the labor force growth slowed down and ranged from 1.6 to 1.1 percent. Even though we had covered on set of baby boomers we were about to see another set reach adulthood and struggle for a place in the workplace (U.S. labor force trends), in-turn means no health insurance because they are no longer their parents dependent. Healthcare is becoming a great necessity due to infectious diseases, the year of the flower children seem to have spread more than just flowers. Health Insurance Companies are not seeing their usual capital gain at this point, consequently a change in the way benefits are paid across overall is about to change. At one time people thought as long as they paid their insurance premiums the benefits would be there when or if it was needed (we learned to read the fine print). * Speculate whether or not these forces will continue to affect the health care system in the U.S. over the next decade. (Include a force that was not mentioned that you believe will impact the health care system of the nation. Unfortunately we show no immediate signs that the cost of healthcare will decline in the Unites States anytime soon. With all the bickering about healthcare, there’s one fact everyone seems to agree on: American medicine cost too much, especially considering what we’re getting for the money. As expert look toward the future, they don’t see the cost dropping dramatically anytime soon. Curbing the rise in healthcare cost depend on our ability to gain control of the many forces causing them to climb, technology has helped other industries lower costs by eliminating waste and increasing efficiencies, but its done the opposite in healthcare (Lisa Zamosky, Los Angeles Times, September 12, 2012. Without any dispute I’m sure we can all agree the economy will always affect healthcare and the people who need it, which will always be everyone. We all hope the economy will make a rapid recovery, but that’s just not how things work; just as it took decades of bad decisions to get us where we are today it’s going to take time for our nation to make a meaningful recovery. Over the next 50 years, the labor force is projected to grow even more slowly (at about 0.6 percent per year) as baby boomers retire. What will this mean as far as health care is concern; well as we grow older our need for healthcare on a regular base becomes more essential than it was when we were in our prime (population bulletin). Baby boomers, reaching senior living status promotes a different type of demand on the medical system; a tremendous demand for those employed by senior living facilities, as well as those providing home health care. * Evaluate the importance of technology in the health care system. Technology is the driving force behind the universe, if you are not a believer just think about the devices you use to get through your day; hence technology. Medical technology is constantly presenting us with new devices that make our lives more fulfilling, we have laser surgery, hip replacement, artificial limb to replace worn out or damaged ones, cataract surgery that have advanced so rapidly it’s amazing, can you believe a person can have heart surgery and be walking around the next day? This is all because of technology, it’s amazing. This is something we cannot put a price on, what is being learned and the advances being made due to research technology is saving lives as well as making lives better each and every day. References: KaiserEDU.com, Health Policy, from the Henry J. Kaiser family foundation, Explained, Cost and Spending. http://www.kaiseredu.org/en/Top ics/Costs-and-Spending Population Bulletin, Vol. 63 No. 2, June 2008, U.S. Labor Forces Trends By: Marlene A. Lee and Mark Mather (Marlene A. Lee is a senior research associate and editor of the Population Bulletin at the Population Reference Bureau. She holds degrees in public policy analysis and development sociology/demography from the University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill and Cornell University. Mark Mather is associate vice president of Domestic Programs at the Population Reference Bureau, where he coordinates several projects that communicate population research to advocacy groups, educators, the media, and the public. He holds a doctorate and a master’s degree in sociology/demography from the University of Maryland. http://www.prb.org

Child Abandonment: Causes and Responses

Child Abandonment: Causes and Responses While many people consider babies as their blessing from the God, but there are others still consider them as burden and a shame. The abandoned babys cases are become more serious in our country. Besides that, the situation has reached a worrying state where babies are abandoned in the most unbelievable manner by their mothers in rivers, rubbish dumps, doorstep, bas stop and even mosques. Some newborns make it and some die while others are killed before being dumped. Whether we admit it or not, nowadays many women lose their virginity a very young age. This is because human relationship are began to deteriorate. Teenagers lack of family care or attention from their families may cause them out look for spiritual comfort. It will cause them far away from their families and started affect by their soul mate. The rise in teenage pregnancies is becoming a disturbing trend. From January to April this year, 111 such cases were reported to the Welfare Department, compared with 131 cases last year and 107 cases in 2008.According to MCA Public Services and Complaints Department head Datuk Michael Chong, the statistics provided by the Welfare Department may only be the tip of the iceberg. Such incidents are a sign of deterioration in moral values and, if not addressed urgently, will lead to the destruction of societys moral fabric. Everyone must be held responsible for this the parents, youth and teenagers, the authorities and society. The National Registration Department registered some 257,000 births between 2000 and July 2008 without the names of parents, which translated into 2,500 babies born out of wedlock monthly or 84 cases daily. We cannot allow teenagers and others to kill innocent babies born out of wedlock. But we also cannot allow babies to be born out of wedlock without people taking responsibility for their actions. Young people get pregnant because of having the unprotected sex. Besides that, they did not fully realize what the true meaning of sex and pregnancy is. A girl may get pregnant not just because of you touch her hand or you kiss her face but it is because a in depth kind of relationship. Due to lack of knowledge about this relevant topic may cause many young people did not aware about the seriousness of this problem. If they are knowledgeable and educated, they can at least avoid the most unpleasant consequences. Besides that, apart from that many career women living in cities oblige their boyfriends request when they are asked to watch pornographic VCD and then engage in sexual activities out of wedlock. When the girl gets pregnant, the boyfriend will do a vanishing act to absolve himself of all responsibilities. The unfortunate girl is left alone with the baby. The fear of their secrets being discovered by their families makes them resort to the unthinkable and so that may cause them just abandoned the newborn. When the mother abandon the newborn is consider as murder. Government should seriously look upon this issue rather than just concentrate on other issues such as corruption, cronyism, nepotism or wasteful expenditure. We need to nip this problem in the bud in order to prevent the problem getting worse and until it out of control. Plenty of effort we can done in many aspect to stop this problem spread. Besides of parent, government and society also should be responsible upon this issue. On the other hands, religious and belief also play an important role on this problem. If the young people are a devout believer, at least they may think twice before they want to engage in sexual activities. Government should enforce the law to stop the mother from abandoning the baby. Example government can fine the mother who had abandoned their baby. For more serious, the government can also put the mother into prison or ask them to do public service as a punishment. To make this more effective, the head of police should allocate more police to patrol at night. Other than this, government can fixed some camera at the place or lane that is no people pass by and also the place where people normally abandon their baby. By doing this, it will help the government in taking action on the mother who abandoned their baby because when the mother abandon their baby, the camera may capture the whole process or one of the police may saw it during patrol, then the mother will be get arrested. Other than this, the government should also set a higher age limit for a person to have sex with someone. For example, as we know in Malaysia the age limit for a person to have sex is 16 years old and now the government should increase the age limit to 21 years old. On the other hand government should also increase the penalty for the people who have sex with a person when they are still under age and also increase the penalty for the people who have sex with a person who is under age, so that they will think twice when they want to do so. By doing this, it can help in solving the issues of abandon baby because as we know normally the mother who abandon her baby is the mother which is not mature enough and under age. So, if our government increases the age limit of having sex and also the penalty, it will cause people not dare to have a sexual relationship with someone who is under age and what will happen is the number of people having baby when they are not mature enough will decre ase and it will definitely reduce the problem of abandon baby. Besides that, government should have a baby hatch system. This baby hatch system had implemented in several country such as Pakistan, Germany, and Japan. Baby Hatch is actually a place where the parent can left their child there anonymously. In order to implement this system, government should provide several small spaces for a person to put the baby in the provided locations. The small space must have a door, a soft bed, and a sensor on the bed so that it will alert the staffs to let them know there is a baby inside the small space. Basically the whole idea of baby hatch is trying to rescue the abandoned baby. If the government does not have this kind of system the parent will just abandon their baby at the road side or anywhere else and the baby will be very pity. So, if our government has this kind of system, the parents can donate their baby to the government, so that the government can help to take care of the babies and help the baby to find a suitable family. This is better th an abandon the baby beside the road. Having a baby hatch system may help to reduce the number of abandoned babies dramatically and the rate of infant mortality will decrease because the government is taking good care of the baby and the baby will not die because of hungry, sick or any other reason. Nowadays, the curiosity of teenagers or even though young adult about the sex is gradually increased due to the drama or the movie they watched. The number of teenage pregnancies also on the rise. So, the sex education is necessary to implement in school, colleges, universities to enhancing their knowledge, attitude and behaviour about sex and the consequences of having sex before marriage. A student who doing well in school is very promising, however, it does not mean that he or she will be a responsible adult in future. Therefore, sex education is important now to get children and teenagers to learn the proper social skill especially sex in order to let them know the responsibility when they choose to have sexual relationship but not to teach them how to do. Sex education is the process of acquiring information about sex, sexual identity and sexual relationship. Beside that, sex education also can help teenagers to protect themselves against abuse or unintended pregnancies, prevent unsafe abortion or abandoned babies and the transmission of the infection. The purpose of sex education is to reduce the risk of negative outcomes from sexual behaviour such as unwanted or unplanned pregnancies. Besides that, sex education is also to provide accurate information about the risk of having sexual relationship before marriage, information about birth control and the contraception. Sex education also finds out what the teenagers already know and correcting any incorrect information that they may have. Through the sex education, it can increase the knowledge of teenagers about sexuality. Teenagers who had received the sex education will have lower risk of intended pregnancy and less likely to having sex relationship at early age. In addition, sex education programme can also promote the safer sex practise. Safer sex practise is the practise that the people take precaution when having sex relationship to protect themselves against the transmission of HIV and AIDS. Safer sex can reduce the risk of getting the HIV or AIDS when having the sex relationship. Safer sex practise can get through by using condom when having sex relationship with partner. By using condom can reduce the risk to get the HIV and AIDS, unintended pregnancy. This can reduce the number of abortion and abandoned babies issues. Beginning the sex education at an early age is very important. By giving some basic information about sex to children such as how was a people grow and change over time, how a baby came from. For those teenagers, teacher can give more complex information on sex such as the transmission of HIV and AIDS, the consequences of having sexual relationship before marriage. However, sex education at early age does not mean that encourages teenagers to have sex but is to let teenagers to store up information provided for a time when they need it in the future. Sex education not only can get through school but also can take place through various people. Different people have the different responsibility to provide sex education to teenagers and children. As a parents, they can face-to-face discuss with their children on specific issues or question on sex. Besides that, parents should educate their children about self-respect, moral values and self-protection. Some parents (In Asia) are reluctant to talk about sex issues to their children due to shy or do not know how to begin the topic about sex. Parents should not avoid this subject if not their children may relying on incorrect information they get and it will put them on risk of unwanted sex, unintended pregnancies. Therefore, the discussion between parents and their children is important because the discussion, the parents may know more what their childrens thinking is. The good communication between parents and their children about sexual matter can lead to their children have more awa reness to the seriousness of having sex before marriage. Besides that, teachers also have the responsibility to provide sex education to teenagers. The teachers who are going to provide sex education must be well trained so the teachers will not feel shy to provide the sex education. Beside that, a well trained teacher can provide more accurate information about sex matter to teenagers. Teacher should also educate students the danger of premarital sex and the consequences of premarital sex. Cases of child abandonment usually results from unwanted pregnancies. In most cases, it involves teenage girls who became pregnant outside wedlock and are compelled to commit the act in desperation and fear of the consequences. So what are the main reasons for abortion? Many women and teens worry about their future plans. Some women and teens do not feel they can afford a child. Deciding what to do about an unplanned pregnancy can be difficult. Furthermore, even having a family member at hand does not provide an environment that encourages a pregnant teen to openly seek help. Shame, fear of blame from parents or health staff and the presence of traditional religious and conservative norms make it difficult. There for, a family member must accompany teens seeking counselling. This is because they need someone who can support them, because their condition is very unstable. As the parent of a pregnant teen, you may be feeling many of the same emotions as your daughter such as shock, anger, fear or uncertainty. Maybe your teen was scared to tell you about her pregnancy, or maybe she came to you right away. In either case, your child will need to learn on you for support as she makes decisions that will affect the rest of her life. Parents may play a very important role in a pregnant teens decision. Pregnant teens often need the support and help of their closest family and friends as well. Besides, the pregnant teens can go for an option counselor. An option counselor can help both women and girls with this decision. They will not make the decision or try to convince you to choose a particular course of action. Rather, they help all women decide for themselves. They will find a best way to help you to solve the problems and helps you to learn better social skills. As a role of schools, it is possible to implement programs to assist pregnant teenagers during and after their pregnancies ant this is specifically for only pregnant teens and young mothers. It can provide child care, parenting courses and a high school curriculum to make it as easy as possible for the students to attend school. On the other hand, with support from state and private sources, the government can implement some prevention campaign like adolescent Pregnancy Program and health care program to those pregnant teens. The program is to give teenage parents and their children access to health care. The program links with community-based services for teenaged parents and provides much-needed immunizations, parenting education and physical checkups for parents and their children. Furthermore, Media can be the way to pregnant teens to seek for the information. There are many websites, forums and online communities are available on the Internet. These sites are places where pregnant teens can go to learn more about their condition and to talk to others in a similar situation. Some are designed to offer support and to provide information to pregnant teens.

Applications Of Laser In Engineering English Language Essay

Applications Of Laser In Engineering English Language Essay Introduction: Laser has many applications in different fields especially in engineering. It is one of the most important inventions in the last century. Laser is used widely in the engineering field providing facilities while applying many engineering processes. Its applications also helped in the development of engineering. . Laser is an important instrument in engineering; that has been used widely by engineers in many aspects for its wide purpose and usefulness laser is a solution looking for a problem. This report aims to analyze the applications of laser and discuss the effect of laser on the product produced by this applications. This report gives detailed information about different engineering applications of laser. History of Laser: The first idea of using rays of light to help in exiting and changing the appearance of atoms discovered by Albert Einstein in 1917. He said that it would be possible to make an atom release light or make any unusual actions using rays by definite frequency. But he was not the one who invented laser itself; he just opened the way to other scientists to work on it. Schawlow and Townes are the two persons who first applied the idea of laser but they failed in their first experiment. In 1960 they succeeded to generate the first laser beam using a type of ruby. What Does LASER means? LASER stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation Laser is a device that emits electromagnetic waves in the form of a special type of light. It spreads as narrow coherent beams that can be turned into one using lenses. Laser has many uses in different fields so that people needed that effective invention. Laser simply consists of a narrow light beam that is produced by a process called Stimulation of atoms. This process is held by using an amplified light beam of specific frequency and intensity. That light beam is used to stimulate the atom. Stimulation of the atom means that we give it an extra amount of energy that makes in excited. That excitation makes the outer most electrons move to a higher level. Then they need to get rid of this extra energy to be back to its original and normal state, so it emits that extra energy in the form of a light beam. That light beam is laser. Thats how laser is produced. Laser solved many problems that faced engineers before inventing it. It facilitates many processes and operations for engineers. It also helps them find some information they need. As an example; before inventing laser; cutting and welding operations were very difficult. It was a problem to cut a metal, as you had to heat it up to a very high temperature then you modify its shape. Laser solved this problem and made that operation become very easy and fast. As another example; before inventing laser there were no wireless connections or laser radars. Laser also made the communication processes very fast and widely used. It made solutions for many problems that irritated engineers and people. Laser opened many knowledge and technology ways that would be impossible without it. After inventing Laser it became impossible to imagine our life without it. It became the key of many engineering operations that it will not be carried out without laser. Accuracy is one of its most important advantages that remove any doubts around it. It is expected that laser will be developed more and more in the future to provide engineers by other facilities. It can also be a reason for inventing other technologies. Again, Laser can be our gate to other inventions that could make our life easier and more comfortable. Laser Beam Welding Laser Beam Welding LBW is a contemporary welding technique used to join multiple pieces of metal using a laser. The beam provides a concentrated heat input, allowing for narrow, deep welds at high rates. This process is frequently used in many applications and develops to new industries. Laser beam welding has been extensively used in the automotive, aerospace, electronic, and heavy manufacturing industries to join a variety of materials. In the automotive industry, high-power lasers are used to weld many components such as transmissions, mufflers, catalytic converters, exhaust systems, and tailor-welded blanks.(Wikkipedia.com) Because of Laser welding advantages such as deep welding and reduced heat inputs. Profound Manufacturers sought to automate the welding process caused the expansion of the laser beam welding process to include computers sophisticated technology to increase the product quality and more accurate control of the welding process. From More than 20 years ago, when laser welding was in its early stages it was used primarily for bizarre applications where no other welding process would be suitable. Nowadays, laser welding is an imperative part of the metal toil industry. Laser beam welding has high power density (on the order of 1  Megawatt/cm ²(MW)) resulting in small heat-affected zones and high heating and cooling rates How it works: The Focal point is aimed on the work piece surface that weld is needed. At the surface of the work piece, the enormous concentration of light energy transformed into thermal energy. The surface of the work piece starts melting and steps forward through it by surface conductance. For welding process, the beam energy been maintained below the vaporization temperature of the material. In Fig. 1 the laser beam is directed on the work piece. Figure 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ1 laser beam aimed on the work piece Image courtesy of NorteastLaser.com To the point that the laser beam contacts the work piece, all the components that direct it are transparent, refractive or reflective, absorbing only small amounts of energy from the ultraviolet light (www.accuparts.com). When the pulse of laser energy is focused into a small spot at the surface of the work piece, the energy density becomes enormous. The light is engrossed by the work piece, causing a keyhole effect as the focused beam drills into, vaporizes and melts some of the metal (www.accuparts.com).. As described in fig. 2. Figure 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ2 laser beam welding process Image courtesy of NorteastLaser.com In fig. 3 as the pulse ends, the liquefied metal around the keyhole flows back in, solidifying and creating a small spot weld, moving the work piece or the laser emitter along the surface of the work piece creates a series or spot-weld called a seam. Figure 1à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ3 the keyhole effect by laser beam Image courtesy of NorteastLaser.com Equipment The two types of lasers commonly used in are solid-state lasers and gas lasers (especially carbon dioxide lasers and Nd:YAG lasers). The first type uses one of several solid media, including synthetic ruby and chromium in aluminum oxide, neodymium in glass (Nd:glass), and the most common type, crystal composed of yttrium aluminum garnet doped with neodymium (Nd:YAG). Gas lasers use mixtures of gases like helium, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide (CO2 laser) as a medium. (wikkipedia.com) Advantages of applying Laser Welding One of the major advantages that laser welding is the low amount of heat that is used during the welding process. The process repeats the laser beam to allow for the cooling of the spot weld, resulting in a very small heat affected zone, which makes the welding process use less energy, and makes laser-welding ideal for thin sections or products that require welding near electronics faultless. In conclusion, I would say that laser beam welding process when united with robotics and computer-controlled beam movements or work piece movements make laser welding systems offer a supreme flexibility to perform a variety of operations. 3D laser scanning 3D Laser Scanning is a type of reverse engineering. Reverse engineering helps in knowing more information about any object, software, device or a system. It mainly works by analyzing any part of that object and taking it apart to know everything about it using laser. It returns that object to its origins and know how to make a copy of it without destroying the main object or modifying it. That type of engineering can be used in many fields and it can be applied on anything as it is a high quality technology. That technology depends mainly on laser and its various types. Reverse engineering analyzes objects to examine how it works or how it has been done. It also can be used to know the dimensions of a place or an object. It is mostly used on objects that it documentations are lost. 3D Laser Scanning is used to measure the dimensions of a place or a part of a place by converting physical objects or parts into data to be read on a CAD program. That measurement is done by a coordinate measuring machine that estimates accurately what are the dimensions of that part. After measuring; the CAD program draws 3D images of that part. That method helps in knowing the dimensions of the object accurately without errors or assumptions. The 3D images produced by that method are called virtual reality. Those accurate 3D images need a very large amount of data as it measures fine details of the object. Figure 2à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ4 3D image drawn using 3D laser scanning The amazing thing about 3D laser scanning is that it is supposed to take a long time to measure the fine details of an object accurately then reverse it into data that can be read by CAD programs. But actually that process takes seconds. It saves a lot of time which the person can spend to draw that object or try to measure its dimensions by any traditional method. That shows how laser helped in saving much time for engineers. Laser captures every single detail in the object in a tremendously fast and accurate way. It is impossible for human to reach that level of accuracy even if he spends hours or days trying to reach it. 3D laser scanning is applied in 3D scanners, coordinate measuring machines and 3D digitizers. As we said; it is the fastest and most accurate measuring method that can analyze objects to know how it works or to know its dimensions. Also it saves effort and money. This application is such an amazing application of laser in engineering fields. People call it hard work that looks like magic. Communication systems: A communication system is designed to transmit and receive information using light beams like fibers. Laser works as a light beams which has enormous potential for data transmission with very high data rates. Laser communications systems are wireless connections throughout the atmosphere. Before using laser in communication, the Greeks used fire and smoke to transmit information, by the evolution of the technology, optical fibers and radio waves are used for the communication of information over distance. Nowadays, lasers are used in optic fibers communications, fibers optics is a medium for carrying information from one place to another in the form of light. Unlike the copper transmission lines, fiber optics is not electrical in nature. Communication systems are based on optical fiber because of its advantage over metallic transmission lines. Fiber optics is used increasingly in data and telecommunications. Optical data transmission is increasingly used in various areas, such as telephone, internet traffic, cable TV. In Japan, many internet connections are already delivered to home with optical fibers. How does laser work in communication system? Figure 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ5 laser communication process Advantage of laser in communication system: Lasers have some special characteristic such as good directivity, polarization, monochromatic, coherent. The approach of optical fiber communications has advantages compared with systems based on electrical cables, the most important are: The losses for light propagation in fibers are very small because there is no fraction. The capacity of fibers for data transmission is huge and its also fast in the storage of data. Compared with electrical cables, fiber optic cables are very light weight, so the cost is very low. Due to the huge transmission rate of data, the cost compared by the rate of transmission is low. In fibers optic cables, the problems that arise with electrical cables such as ground loops or electromagnetic interference are eliminated. Figure 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ6 There are several significant advantages for communication system that operate with fiber optics than systems which use radio frequency: Laser communication provides much higher data transmission rate compared to radio frequency. Small dimension light weight of components. Lower power. Application of laser in space communication: Lasers used in free space laser communication systems, its one of the most important application of laser in communication either semi-conductor laser diodes, solid state lasers and fibers amplifiers lasers. Free space optical communication is the transmission of data over long distance, e.g. between: Planets. Earth and satellites. Spacecraft and Earth based station. Figure 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ7 laser communication between satellites Figure 3à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ8 There are some advantages of the use of laser in space optical communication such as : high power, large rate of data transmission, small size and light weight, but one of the main disadvantage of using laser as a link in space communication is the interconnection only between points that have direct line of sight. The application of laser communication is discussed for a global communication system and an inter-satellites link, because laser can be directed in fibers over very long distances with very low losses and avoid atmospheric influences. CD DVD Introduction: Laser plays an important role in our life; it has a lot of applications in a lot of fields. It is used in many fields like medical, scientific, and industrial. In this part Ill talk about some industrial uses of the laser like CD DVD Holography. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ9 cdWe all know the importance of CDs and DVDs in our life. We use it in saving data, music albums, and videos. CD means Compact Disk optical media that can store data, and DVD means Digital Video Disk, and its also optical media to store data but with larger storage size, and much greater capacities. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ10cd romSo I can say that we have two types of disks and three types of drivers; for the disks we have CD and DVD, the difference between them would be in the storage size. For the drivers we have CD-ROM, CD-RW, and DVD-RW. The difference between the CD-ROM and CD-RW that the CD-RW has the ability to read and write data on the CD, but CD-ROM can only read from the CD. So its like read only memory; DVD drive can read and write on both CD and DVD disks, and has a larger storage memory than CD, so DVDs is more useful and better than CDs. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ11 Reading from CD How CD and DVD drivers work? Computer takes the data from the user through keyboard, microphone, or any input device and converts it to zeros and ones. The idea is to store the data from the computer to the disks write on the disk using a powerful laser beam that makes holes or bumps on the disk which represents zeros and grooves that represents ones, so we can write what we want on the disk. CD and DVD the both use the same method to record data on. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ12Data saved on CD To read from disk, the drive uses beam of laser that reflects back to a sensor in the drive if it hits a groove or one, but it hits a bump or zero the beam reflects with an angel and doesnt hit the sensor; through this operation the drive can read data from the disk. Differences between CDs and DVDs: We all already know that CDs have a storage size 700 Mega Byte, and DVDs have storage size start from 4 Giga Byte. Also DVDs could have multiple layers so its storage size could reach 17 Giga Byte, but CDs only have one layer. So we can say that CDs are much cheaper than DVDs, but DVDs are more useful, and have much greater storage size. So CDs are still preferred in publishing music albums, and DVDs are preferred in publishing movies. Also we can say that there is a big difference between the CD and DVD drivers. We would find that the DVD drivers use a thinner beam of laser than the laser beam of CD drive so it could make smaller grooves and bumps than CD drives, so it could write on both CDs and DVDs, but CD driver could only write on CDs and cant write or read DVDs. Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ13 cd writing process Figure 4à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ14 Cd writing process Applications of laser in communications: Laser radar (LADAR) or (LIDAR): Laser radar (LADAR) or (LIDAR) (Light Detection and Ranging) is similar to millimetre radar but it uses laser beams to find its target. The (LADAR) processor looks for familiar patterns in the scenes. The processor continuously compares the scenes taken with the 3D files stored in the radar memory. It can scan large areas with very high precision and its ability to build a detailed picture of the area. The (LADAR) sensor can look at the target from different angles. Laser radar seeker can detect objects features with very high definition up to 15 cm resolution from about 1000 meters. After the radar identifies the object it takes a 3D picture. Laser diode: Laser diode is a diode where the active medium is a semiconductor similar to light emitting diode; this diode is used to produce n-p-n or p-n-p transistors that are used widely in electronic systems, these diodes are sometimes called injection laser diodes to distinguish between optically diodes. A laser diode is formed by doping a very thin crystal wafer on its upper surface using laser beam to produce a n type region and a p type region results in a p-n junction which is called a diode Laser fibre: A laser fibre is a glass or a plastic fibre that carries light through it. These fibres are used widely in fibre-optic communications which permits transmission over long distances and at higher bandwidth than other forms of communications. Fibres are used instead of metal wires because signals travel across them with less loss and they are also immune to electromagnetic interference. Fibresare also used for illumination and sensors. Laser microphone: The laser microphone is a device that uses a laser beam to detect sound vibrations in distant objects. The device takes vibrations as a pressure waves created by objects in the room (like person or an object), the laser beam is directed into the room from a window that hits the object then it returns back to the receiver that converts it to an audio signal. The minute differences in the distance travelled by the light as it reflects from the vibrating objects (are detected interferometrically is a technique used for diagnosing two or more waves by studying the pattern of interference created by their superpositions). A new type of laser microphones that uses laser and a smoke or vapour to detect the vibration waves in the air. Applications of laser in computer: Laser barcode scanner: The laser beam bounces off a rotating mirror and scans the code, sending a modulated beam to a light detector and then to a computer which has the product information stored. Semiconductor lasers can also be used for this purpose, laser barcode scanners are the most common used barcode scanners, laser barcode scanner doesnt need to be in contact with the barcode to read it, it can read barcode 6-24 inches away from it. Laser printer: A laser printer is a type of computer printers that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on a plain paper. It is a computer printer that uses laser beam to produce an image an on a rotating drum before transferring it to the paper. As with digital photocopiers and multifunction printers, laser printers employ a xerographic printing process but differ from analogue photocopiers in that the image is produced by the direct scanning of laser beam across the printer photoreceptor. A laser beam projects an image of the page to be printed onto an electrically charged rotating drum coated with selenium. Photoconductivity removes charge from area exposed to light, the drum then prints the image on a paper by direct contact and heat. Laser printers have many advantages than other printers like the speed of laser printer can vary widely, it can print 12000 pages in one hour. Conclusion: This report has discussed the applications of laser in our daily life. We have shown the different applications of laser in communication compared with different systems that operate with electrical cables radio frequency. The application of laser in computer represented in each aspect in our daily life as laser printers, DVD and scanners. The use of laser in mechanical engineering such as welding and cutting. It is also used in measuring dimensions and analyzing object by using 3D scanning. After listing all this application and advantages of lasers. We can not neglect the present of laser in our life. By the end of the report, the benefits of laser and its applications is clear.

The American Dream in Arthur Millers Death of a Salesman :: Death of a Salesman

The American Dream in Arthur Miller's Death of a Salesman Within the tragic play, Death of a Salesman, Willy Loman destroys himself trying to achieve a dream. Yet, the dream that destroys Willy is not one that he has chosen. Willy Loman does not choose this destructive dream because he does not know himself, Willy Loman does not choose a dream at all, one is forced upon him by society. Willy Loman spends the expanse of the play trying to achieve wealth, fame, and the like of others. These ideas epitomize the American Dream, to become a successful, well-liked businessman. Willy's true dream, however, was very different from this. Throughout the play you can see evidence that Willy feels trapped by this dream that he feels obligated to fulfill. Society has dictated to Willy that the American Dream is "the" dream, and no other dream is acceptable. Because of this dictation, Willy abandons his true dream of living on his own, in the country, where he can support himself by farming, and living from the land. The proof of Willy's true dream appears in short scattered bits. "God, timberland! Me and my boys in those great outdoors! Yes, Yes! Linda, Linda!" he cries exuberantly at the idea of moving away from the city. By the idea is quickly killed by the society surrounding him. "You wait, kid, before it's all over we're gonna get a little place out in the country, and I'l l raise some vegetables, a couple of chickens..." once again, society surrounding Willy crushes this dream, his true dream, forcing it back into the subconscious of Willy's mind, where it remains for the duration of the play, only surfacing at a few times, when the dream that Willy is trying to fulfill becomes so horrible that he remembers that he had another dream, or when the false dream is looking as if it might be coming to a close, and he will be able to move on to take on his real dream. In the climax of the play, when Willy realizes that he is loved by his sons, a slight awakening occurs in Willy's mind. He begin to understand that his true dream, of living in the country, is identical to that of his beloved son, Biff. Biff has never been able to follow his dream because of his father pushing him into the false dream of being a businessman.

French Lietenants Woman :: essays papers

French Lietenants Woman Existentialism, a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness, isolation and freedom upon and individual is a major theme in John Fowles’, The French Lieutenants Woman. Is our life ordained by the superior, or do we power our future? In chapter 13, Fowles interrupts the narration and notes the natural aspects of writing as a novelist, the freedom of the characters that he has created, and the time and structure o f the novel itself. Though awkward to incorporate the authors visions in their own literature, it is manipulated fiction, meta-fiction that is, which perhaps is a subject of major interest amongst the readers of The French Lieutenants Woman. At first, in chapter 13, it becomes evident that he himself, Fowles, is uncertain of his writings, â€Å"I do not know† he immediately confirms. By the third paragraph he has repeated the word â€Å"perhaps† five times, demonstrating Fowles puzzlement of whether he restrains his characters, or, they control him ? Fowles addresses on behalf of all novelists, and comments on the natural features of writing, that a novelist has no predetermined illustration from chapter one. Fowles also states, â€Å"We wish to create worlds as real as, but other than the world that is†(pg.81), which associates to how this novel is a classical Victorian one, but, from a a modern perception. Fowles tries to link the idea of a modern perspective with existentialism, that it is no longer like the pre-ordained Victorians, but the concept that his characters are free from authority. Although Fowles aims to attaining a point of focus in chapter 13, he repeatedly, violently and offensively comments on God and faith. He sates, that he â€Å"The novelist stands next to God†, which is an scarce feature amongst people in general, the suggestion of equating yourself to God. Not only does Fowles reveal this, but following that he concludes â€Å"He may not know all, yet he tries to pretend that he does,† which may well suggest also God â€Å"does not know all†. This comparison is again evident, â€Å"the novelist is still a God, since he createsà ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pg.82). In addition, Fowles does not understand that in much of his views, he is speaking on behalf of thousands of authors, which possibly will find his comments rather offending.

Minority Group Status

A minority group refers to a subordinate group whereby the members do not have enough control over their lives and do not have power to effectively fight for their rights. A minority group is inferior and is usually dominated by the rest, who are usually the majority group. The minority group experiences rather few opportunities to pursue their goals since education, success and wealth is limited to them. Such opportunities are disproportionately very low when compared to their population within the society. (Feagin, 2000) Characteristics of Minority Group Status A minority group has a number of characteristics which distinguish them from the majority group. The characteristics make them stand out from the rest and become easily identifiable. One characteristic of the members of the minority group is that they have distinguishing cultural or physical traits, for example skin color (physical) and language (cultural). A good example is Blacks in countries which are largely dominated by Whites. Another characteristic is that they usually face unequal treatment and have less power and therefore are not in full control of what goes around them. Mostly, the members claim of receiving unfair treatment and are constantly discriminated against. (Peter & Trauttman, 2006) In extreme cases, the members may be denied their rights to access certain resources, for, example, having recreational facilities strictly for majority group and restricting the minority group from accessing them. The third characteristic is that the members do not belong to the minority group by choice. The membership is therefore involuntary and no one can be compelled to remain a member or give up the membership since it is through race, power or even law that a person finds himself or herself belonging to the minority group. The fourth characteristic is that there is usually a high degree of awareness of subordination as well as a strong sense of solidarity among the members. The last characteristic is that, the majority group is high characterized by in-group marriages due to their close association and collaboration. (Jacob, 2005) Different Ways in Which Groups Become Minorities There are various ways in which groups become minorities numerically and socially. Numerically the minority group is judged by virtue of being few in numbers, for example, racial whereby the members are classified on some obvious characteristics, such as skin color. These characteristics are visible. For instance, Racial minority groups in US; American Indian, Blacks, Hawaiians and Asian Americans. Socially, the minority group is judged on the basis of inferior culture, faith, or belief as in gender, ethnic and religion. (Jacob, 2005) Ethnically, the groups are classified on cultural basis, such as food and language. Ethnic Minority Groups in US include Latinos and Hispanics such as Puerto Ricans, Chicanos and Cubans. The Jews are also part of the cultural minorities. In terms of gender, males are usually the social majority and women are the social minority. In religion, the minorities are the members who do not have the same faith as the majority group. For instance, Muslims, Mormons, Roman Catholics and Amish are religious minorities in US. (Peter & Trauttman, 2006) Consequences of Minority Group Status Some of the consequences are pluralism, assimilation, fusion, segregation, secession, expulsion and extermination. In pluralism, this is whereby the minority and majority groups or individuals maintain their different identities, that is, Whites are represented by Whites and Blacks by Blacks. In assimilation, the minority group identifies with the majority group in terms of culture and consequently is absorbed by the dominant group. In fusion, the majority and minority group merge to create a new group. (Feagin, 2000) Their cultures and physical characteristics are synthesized without intermarrying. In segregation, these two groups are physically separated in terms of work place, residence and social functions. In secession, the minority group moves out to create a new nation or join an established nation, whereby it becomes dominant. In expulsion, the minority group may be forced to leave a certain region or even thrown out of the country by the dominant group. In, extermination, the minority group is wiped out through genocide or systematic, deliberate killing. (Feagin, 2000) Conclusion From the discussion above, the existence of minority group status is not healthy though it cannot be avoided. Many divisions result from such differences making it impossible for a certain group to pursue their common goals and encourage vices such as discrimination against tribe, gender and religion. (Peter & Trauttman, 2006) References Feagin, J. (2000) Racial and Ethnic Relations, Palgrave Publishers, US. Jacob, C. (2005) What is a Minority Group, Palgrave Publishers, UK. Peter, Z. & Trauttmann, C. (2006) Distinguishing between Minority and Majority Group,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fireside Press, Washington DC.   

Science fair project: sun light vs artificial sun light

Sun illuminance-hearted vs articical depress One of the main benefits of soupy en scant(p)en is that you can control how many hours of percipient per day your go chthonians receive. This federal agency, those living in blue or southern latitudes can stomach their plants with brightness level for emergence and development even off when the sunniness sets early, in essence tricking the plants into believe that it is summertime and that they should continue to get down kind of than become dormant or, in the effort of annuals, die. In addition, your plants forget receive c settlee s illume direct at large(p) for as desire as you leave the lights turned on.Read to a greater extent(prenominal) http//www. ehow. om/about_6720270_sunlight- faux-light-plant- growth. htmlixzz2isDOMJQa Incandescent Light Although affordable, candent lights provide little of the blue-spectrum light indwelling to plant growth. They atomic number 18 less cost-effective than some other stylised lights as they uprise less lightness turn utilizing much energy. To draw the most benefit from an candent light, you would have to place it close to your plants, and because incandescent lights formulate much than heat than other types of bulbs, this would likely result in sunburn your plants.Incandescent bulbs similarly have very(prenominal) fiddling lives. High- Intensity Discharge Light High-intensity unblock lights produce far more illumination while use much less electricity than incandescent bulbs. In addition, while they produce a considerable arrive of heat, you can hang them twice as far away from your plants as you would an incandescent bulb, so burning of the plants is less likely. aggressive sodium lamps lance much red-spectrum light and little in the blue spectrum, devising them ideal for greenhouse f displaces to supplement natural sunlight and encourage blooming.Metal halide bulbs emit more blue-spectrum light, making them perfect or int erior developing operations for plants that will not flower, such as decorative plants and herbs. HPS bulbs get 12 clock enormouser than incandescent bulbs, and MH bulbs can stand five times as long. fluorescent Light Fluorescent lights produce less luminosity than high-intensity crystalise lights, though far more than do incandescent bulbs. Fluorescents also produce very little heat and can hang very close to your plants.Bulbs rated in the high Kelvin temperature purge (5,000 to 6,500) emit more blue-spectrum light and those in the lower range (2,700 to 3,000) emit more red-spectrum light, although both also provide ull-spectrum light in lower intensities. Compact fluorescent lights will last five times as long as incandescent bulbs, and the straight T-5 full-spectrum fluorescents will last 10 times as long. Read more. nttp//www . enow. com/aoou growth. htmlixzz2isEHgmnp In general, sunlight is better for plant growth as it is animated and contains the full spectrum of el ectromagnetic radiation required for optimal plant growth.Artificial light, if it is an ordinary room light, will notwithstanding support low-light tolerant plants. Most artificial light sources (fluorescent and incandescent) do not provide the full isible light spectrum that is required by plants for optimal growth, this results in plants that are high and spindly (etiolated) and sometimes discolored. However, there are special lights with a spectrum that is tailored for growing plants. They have to be on for weeklong hours than sunlight, but as long as a plant is getting affluent light-energy to manufacture its food, it will grow well.It doesnt amour whether that light is coming from the sun or from grow lights. The downside to widen exposure to light is the plants metabolic functions operate twice as hard for the same amount of output. fresh studies have also highlighted ome of the negative aspects of extended photosynthetic breaker points (extended light reactive period and shortened dark reaction period). thither are times when artificial light has an advantage. Hydroponic gardening with artificial light makes it possible to grow plants in treacherous climates that are lacking in cheerfulness think of the long night periods of areas of the northern hemisphere.In some places in Canada forage for animals is produced indoors during the winter months in artificial conditions. accessory lighting is used in horticulture to produce plants in flower outside of their public flowering period. For instance Christmas cactus, poinsettias, tulips, narcissus, chrysanthemums, etc. many a(prenominal) houseplants grow better under artificial lamps, not because of the lights, but because it keeps them away from leaky windowsills Plants will grow better under sunlight artificial light lacks the fatten spectrum of light provided by the sun.But a photon is a photon and light is light wnetner It comes Trom tne sun or a Tlasnllgnt vastly more energy comes Trom tne sun than from any artificial light. But the light from the sun is divergent from a street lamp other way most artificial light doesnt emit as much energy in the red and blue region of the light spectrum as sunlight does. In other words, contrary ratios of reds, yellows and blues all immingle together to make up white sunlight.Researchers can successfully grow plants using only artificial light in growth chambers. But sunlight is better(p) for most plants. Its generally more intense than artificial light, and its pretty equally distributed among the different wavelengths that earthly plants have evolved to like best. And theres another difference between lamps even grow lamps and sunlight. Grow lamps need energy to light up. Sunlight is unlimited and free. http//earthsky. org/human-world/artificial-light-plant-growth

Ms2 Course Review

2013 testing Review Session CGA MS2 randomness Systems Strategy 1 Agenda Agenda will intensify as needed to suit your unavoidably 2 pm Start. Introduction & Feedback Solicitation 210 230 Fundamentals of care mooring abbreviation 230 345. Business Case Example/s Break 10 mins 355 5pm Review of let out items from all modules 5pm Finish. 2 Nine-step approach to case analysis Spend about(predicate) 40% of your magazine on the case 90 minutes. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Skim the case. Read the case closely. Identify problems, scourges, and opportunities. examine the data. Generate secondarys.Select the decision criteria. Analyze and evaluate the alternatives. watch a recommendation or decision. Determine execution of instrument steps & associated Risks. 3 Executive Summary (3 marks) accusative of the report happen upon problems/threats/opportunities identified secern Alternatives (briefly) Recommendations take on completion date & Implementation strategy Key Risk and mitigation (briefly) It should suffice as a Stand alone report REVIEW YOUR caseful 4 Current Situation (10 marks) List nearly of the strengths/ strategical advantages Is there an be system? What is unconventional? List & briefly explain the problems Categorize them if possible Determine Root ca social function, if there is one champion cause? Business fundamental shortcomings? Conflicts? Does the engineering apply align / support the demarcation model? organizational misfits? strategical misfits? 5 Current Situation contd What is the match? terms quantified in $$ Does it allude current or future pedigree concern needs? Intangible impacts strategic Threats Opportunities Competitive expert 6 Criteria (5 marks) What is Criteria?What is it used for? State it at a senior high level where you nominate Prioritize the criteria and show that you incur done so. beg off why you chose to each one criterion Measuring each criterion? ($, market share/Sales, new(prenominal) goals) Does it meet current or future business needs? $ savings Intangible benefits Strategic Threats Opportunities Competitive Technological 7 Alternatives & Recommendation (15 marks) Improvise & use your whim ( respectable be logical). Each alternative should be a mostly complete Solution. Each alternative should be feasible.Assess each alternative based upon the criteria show this analysis in your work. Other pros & cons (other than in the criteria) Alternatives dont have to be mutually exclusive. They faeces be a combination of the options identified. Why did you choose the recommended alternative/s? Benefits Explain how it achieves the objective/resolves the problem Limitations / risks 8 Alternatives & Recommendation (Continued) Make a recommendation (use a positive voice ) Do not just suggest something Do not secern it decrepit or ambiguously I believe / In my opinion / My thoughts are Clearly recommend an fe at and explain what it is and why it fits the criteria. (if you have not already in the analysis). 9 Risk Management formulate (15 marks) Read Carefully the requirements of this section. Does it require an Implementation / action mechanism plan as well? Narrative report Implementation Strategy/Approach (at a high level)? Assumptions / Requirements graduate(prenominal) level Risks, Ethical, one-on-oneness issues? (Probability & Impact) extenuation Strategies visualise B Actual implementation steps and, at bottom each step Step Risk if any(prenominal) and mitigation plan if any condemnation Lines / Time Frame / Schedule Detail Costs Responsibilities compute Phases, if any short term, long term 10 Exam Review Session Go bothplace Business Case Tonys Auto run Inc. from 2010 June exam 11 Some nine-f anile survival of the fittest tips When answering a true and false caput on the Exam simply break elaborate complex sentences into smaller phrases. Each phra se has to be true or the entire sentence is false. And, for multiple choice questions try to answer the question in the first place facial gestureing at the answer choices. Remember that a perfect answer may not be given as a choice.Choose the best answer. seeded player Certified Fraud Examiners (CFE) Exam Coach. 12 Strategic Alignment Look for IT Strategy to support Business strategy. IT to differentiate from competition IT to reduce be IT to fuck off business Quick to market IT to create bare-assed markets / products IT to tie suppliers and customers 13 Porters five forces threat of stark naked entrants bargaining place of customers bargaining power of suppliers threat of substitute products or operate rivalry among existing competitors 14 Threat of New Entrants Mitigation Strategies High entry cost. Equipment, buildings, infrastructure, etc. Mature Information Systems expertness & Knowl frame in Compete aggressively on scathe Lock in partners for a com petitive edge Brand recognition. Product Differentiation. Focus on a grocery store niche Operating Efficiencies Pace of deviate IT 16 Moores virtue & Metcalfes Law displace price of computer Storage Dropping cost of processing (mips) Double the power every 18 months Metcalfes Law The foster of the network is the square of the sum of the nodes. Therefore shake up with popular technology 17 Strategic prepare for IS How is Planning done? Top Down / Strategic compend Bottom Up / Enterprise Analysis Scenario Planning / What if Analysis When is Planning done? soon Term Long Term Mergers & Acquistions Economic dealturns As part of a Budgeting Exercise After a major disaster. 18 Planning Issues Scalability Capacity homework Standardization vs. differentiation Legacy systems Upgrade to reinvigorated system or integrate with new technology but old core. 9 Total Cost of Ownership Hardware Software Installation provision Support Ongoing Maintenan ce & S/W Upgrades Infrastructure costs entropy Backups, Business Continuity, insurance policy Downtime Space, Energy, tribute 20 Six IT Decisions IT should not operate 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. How a good deal to spend Allocation amongst Business Processes Firm-wide IT capabilities How much IT Security & Privacy issues Blame over reverse 21 IT Governance 22 10. 3 OVERVIEW OF SYSTEMS outgrowth 23 Achieving Success in IS Projects clearly delimitate goals excellent communication neckment involvement authorised timelines Project management skills S. M. A. R. T Objectives. Why do they Fail? neglect of understanding of the desired results (imprecise targets) inadequate estimating techniques for budgeting and scheduling small, unadjusted schedule slippage, which cumulatively results in a major delivery delay lack of project management skills or leadership gravely trained analysts and programmers conflicting goals and objectives among the project team members and users use of inappropriate software or hardware tools 25 Make Vs. Buy Issues Cost Specialized functionality superpower to integrate with other existing Systems Ability to change the s/w Maintenance / Service postulate Update / Upgrade Speed of delivery experience Business vs. Industry vs. Functional Responsibility vs. assure vs. Risk Conversion 27 Parallel Pros to the showtimeest degree risk of not meeting objectives Compare results to delay correctness Gentle weaning off of the old system Resilient to errors. Cons Duplication of effort Requires special computing resources Not possible in every situation 28 Pilot Pros Allows for a small, low risk, controlled test bed Allows for a Go-NoGo decision w/o large investment Limits disruption & maltreat Helps overcome user resistance Cons Still high-priced to run 2 systems even if scaled down Results may not special(a)polate to full prepare Choice of Pilot site is critical 29 Phased Pros Incremental approa ch with functional Phase-in Allows for Phased Systems Development Allows time for orientation of the new technology Usually easier to manage the change Cons Still running 2 systems, lifelong disruption 30 Direct Cutover Pros Quick open on resource utilization (only 1 system running) Low cost Cons Risky Requires full training & preparation Requires all hands on be for Implementation Causes spike in Help desk calls Creates disruption, uncertainty, admiration Errors can cause Business Loss / perturbation 31 net income as a business tool Advantages Wider Market exposure New ways to communicate (text, voice, video) stinting (ISP, programming, Shipping) 24x7x365 Anywhere, Anytime Off loads work to the customer genial for the customer if well designed. Quick & Easy to modify / Change Real time Consistent Information / Prices 32 Internet as a business tool Disadvantages Not everybody has access & high fastness Impersonal & not so interactive No touch & feel of the goods Replacement for good business practice?Lack of consumer trust Legal challenges Socio-economic factors (availability of access) Privacy Challenges Groupware & Collaborative s/w MS NetMeeting / Communicator / external PC support Rolling out s/w updates and self healing s/w IBM Lotus Notes & Domino EMC Documentum Virtual Meeting, avatars , e-Rooms (SDLC Project Mgmt) mystical Cloud computing VPN Storage space Applications Virtualization Data Warehousing Data Mining Business parole s/w Strategic use of the Internet Cost Reduction Strategic Alliances Differentiation of products & expediencys node Loyalty (custom mass production) Value fetter To take advantage of Internet Technologies Keep rivet on Business Strategy (Internet doesnt redress for bad or missing strategy) Simplify & combine your customer facing processes to enable self service Adhere to evolving IT standards Rationale for E-Business Diminished Information asymmetry Richness vs. Reach Reduced exercise costs Ways to Reduce Costs Customer egotism serve Eliminate middle person Customer data entry Self research and bring down consultation time Reduced Staffing levels Reduced Re-work contour communication Faster 37 Securing online transactions The name issues in a transaction processing environs are identification (Who are you? ) authentication (How can I be sure you are who you say you are? ) authorization (What authority do you have to make whatever transaction you seek? ) solitude (How can we be sure our transaction is private? nonrepudiation (How can we each be assured that the other will not later deny the transaction? ). Benefits / Limitations of Networking Sharing Printers, Drives, Scanners, etc e-mail modify Administration dispersion of S/W, Policies, Patches, A/V Tracking, monitoring, Backing up data Remote repair & Support Groupware Limitations Cost, Security, vulnerability 39 Client Server Computing Centralized Computing Distributed Computing Advantages Data Security & centralization Administration Off Loads processing to Clients Disadvantages extra complexity Cost 40 Advantages of Outsourcing cost savings through economies of scale and scope infusion of money through liquidation of computer assets facilitate spiritual rebirth of data centre from cost centre to amplification/loss centre ability to rapidly throw in new technology and access IT talent cleanse Scalability focus on core competencies Allows an objective look at process improvement by O/S 41 Limitations of Outsourcing loss of direct managerial control difficulty in reversing decision outsourcers viability (financial strength, responsiveness, service, and so on) dilutes the strength of in-house staff Unique, one of a kind application support? Will key staff stay permanent or be rotated? vendor doesnt know your business lack of flexibility untenable long-term contracts pertinacious price versus ser vice trade-off requires skills in compact management strategic factors Privacy issues Monitoring / Managing Outsourcers 42 Risk Mitigation Strategies Risk Assessment bounce Physical access Log all visitors in/out Cameras, Card Readers, Security Guards Alarms & monitoring trespass Detection Systems (network) Firewalls Restricted Network access Policies, signoff, and Security Awareness training 43 Risk Mitigation Strategies Cont Authentication (know, have, and are) Password Strategies, Single Sign-on, Pass show Authorization (Open / need to know) Access invocation / invalidation procedures Hiring / Firing / Promotion Segregation of Duties Adequate supervising & Sign offs Monitoring, Logging, Reporting, and Acting on Information. 44 close Luck 45